Carbohydrates and Skin Health

Carbohydrates are vital to life on Earth. In their simplest expression, they act as an elemental energy source for supporting life. For the most part, however, carbohydrates exist not as simple sugars but as intricate molecular conjugates known as polysaccharides or glycans.

Polysaccharides come in many forms and sizes, from simple chains (polysaccharides) to highly branched complexes bristling with antennae-like arms. And although proteins and nucleic acids like DNA have traditionally attracted far more scientific attention, polysaccharides are also vital to life. They are ubiquitous in nature, forming the complex sugar coat that surrounds the cells of almost every organism and occupying the spaces between these cells.

As part of this so-called extracellular matrix, polysaccharides, with their special chemical configurations, have a crucial role in transmitting important inter and extra cellular biochemical signals. In this manner, these sugars guide the cellular communication that is vital for healthy cell and tissue development and physiological function.

The Sweet Science of Natural Skincare & Glycobiology

Intricate carbohydrates, molecules that are particularly important for communication between cells, are coming under systematic study. Ram Sasisekharan and James R. Myette See: Glycobiology.

The main paradigm of actual molecular biology is that biological messages travels from DNA to RNA to protein. The power of this idea lies not only in its template-driven precision, but also in the ability to control any one type of molecules based on knowledge of another. With the imminent deciphering of the genomic sequences of humans and several other commonly studied model organisms, even more spectacular gains in the understanding of biological systems are anticipated.

In actual fact, making a cell needs two other major types of molecules: lipids and carbohydrates. These molecules can act as intermediates in generating energy, as signaling molecules, or as structural components.

The supportive roles of carbohydrates are particularly important in the making of intricate multicellular organs and organisms, which require interactions of cells with one another and with the surrounding matrix. Indeed, every cell and many macromolecules in nature carry a dense and intricate array of covalently attached sugar chains . In some instances, these polysaccharides can also be free-standing entities.

Since most polysaccharides are on the external surface of cellular and secreted macromolecules, they are in a position to modulate or regulate a wide variety of events in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions crucial to the growth and function of all complex multicellular organisms and also interactions between organisms (e.g., between host and parasite). In addition, simple, highly dynamic protein-bound glycans are abundant in the nucleus and cytoplasm, where they appear to act as controller switches.

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